CRiSP1.6 Theory & Calibration Manual: VII.1 - Glossary

VII.1 - Glossary

• anadromous fish: Fish such as salmon or steelhead that hatch in freshwater, migrate to the ocean where they mature, and then return to freshwater to spawn.
• BRZ: Boat restricted zone.
• bubble entrainment: The capture of bubbles into moving water, from the surface to the depths, at dam intakes and diversions.
• bypass: A channel or conduit designed to route juvenile fish around the dam's turbines.
• chinook 0: Subyearling chinook smolts. Also known as fall chinook for the season when the adults run.
• chinook 1: Yearling chinook smolts. Also known as spring chinook for the season when the adults run.
• coeff variance: Coefficient of variation (cv). The standard deviation divided by the mean.
• confluence: In CRiSP.1, a point where two upstream flows combine to create the flow downstream of the point.
• CPUE: Catch per unit effort.
• dam: Federally funded and maintained dams on the Snake and Columbia rivers. In CRiSP.1, a dam is a point that regulates flow; however, only dams specified in the flow archive file are considered to be regulation points.
• diel: Varying on a day/night basis, e.g. "diel variation in fge."
• entrainment: Gas is added into the powerhouse flow, increasing the level of total dissolved gas, as the result of the amount of spill going over the spillway into the tailrace of the dam.
• fish guidance efficiency (FGE): Fish guidance efficiency (FGE) is the percentage of total number of juvenile fish approaching a turbine intake that are successfully "guided" away from the turbine by a guidance device such as a submersible traveling screen.
• forebay: Portion of the reservoir from which water is taken to run the turbines of a dam.
• gas bubble disease (GBD): Adverse effect to fish caused by absorbing dissolved gas from supersaturated water.
• headloss: The difference between the elevations of surfaces in a volume of water before and after drawdown in the flow.
• headwater: The source and extreme upper reaches of a stream or river.
• hydraulic capacity: The maximum flow a dam can pass through its turbines.
• HYDROSIM: A model that produces estimated flows at points along the Columbia and Snake Rivers based on power and flood control requirements. This model is administered by the BPA for use by the River Operations System Experts (ROSE) Group.
• hydrostatic pressure: The pressure exerted or transmitted by water at rest.
• HYSSR: HYdro System Seasonal Regulation model, simulates power generating and flood control characteristics of the Columbia/Snake Basin, producing predicted flows at federal projects along the river. This model is administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
• input: Refers to data in a file that is read by CRiSP.1 to set certain values when the model is run. It also refers to any addition or change in the number or value of something, such as "input of fish to a reservoir."
• kcfs: Thousand cubic feet per second.
• latlon: The latitude and longitude coordinate for a point in the river system,
  e.g. latlon 46 09 00 N 123 16 00 W marks 46 degrees 9 minutes north latitude, 123 degrees 16 minutes west longitude.
• loss: In CRiSP.1, a withdrawal (+) or deposit (-) of water to a river segment from an unspecified source. Losses are used to represent irrigation removals and ground water returns to river segments.
• model: Refers to either CRiSP.1 or some other mathematical representation of a process.
• Monte Carlo: A technique for producing estimates of "true" outcomes of stochastic processes by simply running many iterations of the model process and averaging the outcomes together. Results are given as statistics, e.g. mean and standard deviation of variable X.
• nitrogen supersaturation: This term is no longer used. See total dissolved gas supersaturation.
• output: Refers to a result that is reported by CRiSP.1 or some other outcome or product such as "flow output from an upstream segment."
• PIT tag: Passive Interrogative Transponder tag; a tag that is typically inserted into the peritoneal cavity and allows identification of individual fish when they pass a detection facility.
• predator: Northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis). The major piscivorous predators on juvenile salmonids are northern pikeminnow formerly known as northern squawfish, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). In CRiSP.1, smallmouth bass and walleye are converted to pikeminnow equivalents based on their consumption rates relative to pikeminnow consumption rates.
• primary powerhouse: At dams with more than one powerhouse (e.g., Bonneville), the powerhouse that is operated preferentially.
• reach: A continuous stretch or expanse of the river.
• regulated: Condition whereby stream flow is constrained by a dam.
• regulated headwater: In CRiSP.1, a segment containing a dam, a storage reservoir, and a river source.
• release group: A group of fish either wild or released from a hatchery identified by a unique set of parameters.
• reservoir: An artificial lake where water is collected and kept in quantity for use.
• roller: Turbulent, aerated water in the stilling basin below the spillway.
• run-of-river: A hydroelectric project that has limited regulation capacity (usually limited storage capacity) and operates primarily for hydropower generation. The majority of the major dams in the Columbia Basin are run-of-river projects: Chief Joseph, Wells, Rocky Reach, Rock Island, Wanapum, Priest Rapids, Lower Granite, Little Goose, Lower Monumental, Ice Harbor, McNary, The Dalles, Bonneville, and Hells Canyon. In CRiSP.1, Chief Joseph and Hells Canyon dams are defined as storage reservoirs (see definition).
• runoff: Portion of rain or snowmelt that runs across the land surface and flows through the surface soil, ultimately reaching the stream or river.
• salmonid: A member of the family Salmonidae, which includes salmon, trout and whitefish.
• SAM: System Analysis Model which produces predicted flows at projects on the Columbia and Snake Rivers based on power and flood control requirements. This model is administered by the BPA.
• scenario: A single set of parameter values run through the model for a single year simulation.
• secondary powerhouse: At dams with more than one powerhouse, the powerhouse that operates second.
• sluiceways: Routes for water around a dam. Also considered a bypass for fish.
• smolt: A juvenile salmonid migrating to the ocean and undergoing physiological changes (called smoltification) to adapt from a freshwater to a saltwater environment.
• smoltification: See smolt.
• spill: Water released through a dam's spillway rather than through its turbines.
• spill allocation: Indicates the amount of river flow allotted to spill.
• spillway: The channel or passageway around or over a dam through which excess water is released without going through the turbines. It is a safety valve for a dam and must be capable of discharging major floods without damaging the dam while maintaining the reservoir level below some predetermined maximum level.
• stilling basin: Short area beyond a dam spillway where water is controlled prior to release.
• stochastic: Containing some randomness, e.g. "stochastic process."
• stock: A population of fish that spawn in a particular stream during a particular season. Such fish generally do not breed with fish spawning in a different stream or at a different time.
• storage reservoir: A hydroelectric project that operates primarily for flood control and to adjust the natural flow regime to conform to river use patterns. Storage reservoirs retain water from spring-time snowmelts and release the water as necessary for multiple river uses: power generation, fish passage, irrigation, recreation, and navigation. Actual storage reservoirs in the Columbia Basin include Dworshak, Grand Coulee, Brownlee, and John Day. The storage reservoirs in CRiSP.1 are Dworshak, Chief Joseph (next downstream dam from Grand Coulee), and Hells Canyon (next downstream dam from Brownlee included in CRiSP.1).
• substock: A portion of a stock.
• subyearling: A juvenile anadromous fish that is less than one year old. This term is used primarily to refer to juvenile salmon such as fall chinook, which become smolts and migrate from freshwater production areas to the ocean at an age of less than one year. Also referred to as chinook 0. Fall chinook refers to the season when adults migrate upstream.
• tailrace: An area of rapidly-moving water immediately downstream from a dam, typically about a kilometer in length.
• thalweg: The longitudinal profile of a canyon.
• thalweg volume: A portion of the total calculated volume of the river, essentially the middle of the river.
• total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation: When water plunges over the spillway of a dam into the stilling basin, additional air is forced into the water. This results in an amount of total dissolved gas in the water which is greater than the saturation amount (greater than the maximum amount which can remain dissolved for a long period). Over time, the excess dissolved gas will return to the atmosphere. Until then, the water is referred to as "supersaturated." TDG is measured in terms of the percentage of gas in excess of the saturation amount.
• transportation: Collecting migrating smolt at collection facilities and transporting them in trucks or barges around dams.
• transportation velocity: Speed at which fish are moved downstream via barge or truck.
• turbine: A mechanism in a dam that rotates with the force of water and produces electricity.
• unregulated: Condition whereby streams flow into another stream with no intervening dam.
• unregulated headwater: In CRiSP.1, a segment containing a confluence at its downstream end and a river source at its upstream end.
• upstream propagation: Back-calculation of flows at upstream locations based on flows at downstream locations.
• water budget: A volume of storage water in acre-feet that is reserved to augment spring and summer flows through the hydrosystem.
• yearling: Juvenile anadromous fish that are one year old or older. This term is used primarily to refer to juvenile salmon such as coho or spring chinook or steelhead that become smolts and migrate from freshwater production areas to the ocean at an age of one or more years. Also referred to as chinook 1. Spring chinook refers to the season when adults migrate upstream.

CRiSP1.6 Theory & Calibration Manual: VII.1 - Glossary